Samanid
Period
Introduction:
It was named after its founder Saman Khuda. It
occurred after the collapse of the Sassanid Persian Empire caused by the Arab
conquest. It’s the first native Persian dynasty to arise after the Muslim Arab
conquest.Islamic architecture and culture was spread deep into the heart of
Central Asia by the Samanids. It also had the first complete translation of the
Qur'an into Persian. Populations under the Samanid Empire began accepting Islam
in significant numbers.
Samanid Mausoleum
The mausoleum is
located in the historical urban nucleus of the city of Bukhara. It was
built as the tomb of Ismail, this early mausoleum was erected by the Samanid
ruler sometime before 943 AD.Although three bodies lie within, a wooden plaque
identifies only Ismail's grandson, Nasr ibn Ahmad ibn Ismail or as-Said
Nasr II (d. 943). Its form is a slightly tapered cube capped by a hemispherical
dome that is inset from the exterior face of the cube. Each facade is
identical, joining the next with semi-attached circular columns. Centred within
each facade is an arched opening framed by bricks laid in basket
weave.
Islamic Principles
Architecture of
Haya’: Modesty
The
Mausoleum has a fenced window inside. It’s the significant feature in
maintaining modest approaches and also encourages interaction between fellow
Muslims.
Architecture of
Ithiram: (Respect)
Cube
Geometry that linked all shapes to the centre which is the tip of the roof. It
enhances the idea of ‘centre’. This is purely traditional Islamic architecture
and creates a synthesis of space.
Architecture with
Ikhlas: (Sincerity)
This
building has the space construct of the absence of human imaginary & idols.
The building is an empty space but has no figures of human bodies or Ismail
himself. It also has art consists images but with sublime silence in
contemplation that is projecting soul thru’ its patterns. It also has geometric
shapes as stated in the previous principle.
Architecture for
Iqtisad: (Balance)
The
building is balanced and is symmetrical in its shape. Apart from its balance of
light and proportion, it also has the sense of its heart and soul compared to
its body. The building was built in memory of someone and therefore has a
meaning and this meaning is portrayed through the facades of the 4 balanced
walls. The patterns on the walls show balance as well.
Architecture as
Dikr: (Remembrance)
This
building has a pillar upon pillar, arcade upon arcade design. The rhythmic
precision mirrored in the contemplative chanting of God’s innumerable
attributes / zikr. Apart from showing repentance in its pillars, the carvings
on the walls show a repentance pattern.
Ghaznavid
Period
Introduction:
It was
the Muslim dynasty of Turkic slave origin ruling much of Persia. It was founded
by Sebuktigin, upon his succession to rule of Ghazna.The dynasty was of Central
Asian Turkic origin, it was thoroughly Persianized in terms of language,
culture, literature, and habits, and hence is regarded by some as a "Persian
dynasty" rather than Turkic. Sebuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded
the Ghaznavid Empire to the Oxus River, the Indus Valley, and the Indian Ocean
in the east, and to Rey and Hamadan in the west. The Ghaznavid dynasty began
losing control over its western territories to the Seljuqs after the Battle of
Dandanaqan, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day
Afghanistan, Western Punjab, and the Balochistan region.
Gunbad-i Qabus Tomb Tower
It was
built in 1006 AD on the orders of the Ziyarid Amir Shams ol-Ma'āli Qabus
ibn Wushmgir. It’s known as a World Heritage Site, in the tower's upcoming
1,000th anniversary. It was built with bricks representing a special art
related to the 11th century and follows the golden ratio Pi that equals
1.618. The interiors contain the earliest examples
of Muqarnas decorative styles.The tomb was built on such a scientific
and architectural design that at the front of the Tower, at an external circle,
one can hear one's echo.
Islamic Principles
Architecture as
Tawhid. (Unity and Uniquity)
This
building relates to this principle in the sense of losing someone special. It
is a tomb for a prince. And it unites people who respected and was devoted to
Prince Shams ul-Ma’ali. People gather here to give their blessings to the
prince.
Architecture of
Ithiram: (Respect)
The
Muqarnas decorative styles in the interior of the building show markings of one
who respects Allah and so forth respects the prince. This symbolises the Cube
Geometry that linked all shapes to the centre which is the tip of the roof. It
enhances the idea of ‘centre’. This is purely traditional Islamic architecture
and creates a synthesis of space.
Architecture with
Ikhlas: (Sincerity)
This
building has the space construct of the absence of human imaginary & idols.
The building is an empty space but has no figures of human bodies or the prince
itself. It also has art consists images but with sublime silence in
contemplation that is projecting soul thru’ its patterns. It also has geometric
shapes as stated in the previous principle.
Architecture as
pursuit of ilm.(Knowlegde)
Architecture
of Inscriptions that will be written on the walls. This creates calligraphy of
the Arabic language and it shows that is a sacred language
A Kufic inscription
at the bottom of the tower reads in Arabic:
هذا القصر
العالي – لامير شمس المعالي
– الامير قابوس
ابن وشمگير
– امر به
بنائه في
حياته – سنه سبع و
تسعين – و
ثلثمائه قمريه
و سنه
خمس و
سبعين و
ثلثمائه شمسيه
which means:
"This
tall palace for the prince Shams ul-Ma'ali, Amir Qabus ibn Wushmgir ordered to
build during his life, in the year 397 the lunarHegira, and the year 375 the
solar Hegira“
Architecture for
Iqtisad: (Balance)
Notion
of “Heart”. This relates architecturally to the anonymous external facades of
Islamic buildings: The human body, as the container of the sacred nafs (soul)
with the hearts. The purpose of the building is its central core. It is the
underlying symbolic metaphor for Islamic home. The balance also shows in its
proportional & geometric analysis of the ground plan.
Architecture as
Dikr: (Remembrance)
This
tomb has a repentance of its floor plan. The floor plans consist of a
geometrical symmetry shape which repeats the triangular shape.
Mongol
Period
Introduction:
In the
early 13th century, the Mongol empire was under the leadership of Genghis Khan.
It was left endless trails of devastation, and created the greatest catastrophe
that had ever overtaken mankind, and dominated most of Asia. After the death of
Genghis khan, the empire was divided among his heirs. The son of Genghis Khan,
founded the II-Khanid dynasty. The II-Khans consolidated their position in Iran
and reunited the region as a political and territorial entity after centuries
of fragmented rule by local dynasties. Under Persian influence, the Mongols
eventually converted to Islam, and encouraged development of the arts and
sciences. New systems of taxation were introduced, armed forces were reformed
and communications reorganized. When the last khan died without a male heir in
1335, the territory broke up into small states ruled mainly by Iranians.
Sheikh Abdolsamad Mosque
Sheikh
Abd al-Samad Esfahani was a noted holy man in Ilkhanid Iran who died at the end
of the 13th century. Il-Khanid Vizier Zain al-Din Mastari built
a tomb and mosque and dedicated it to his master Sheikh Abdolsamad. The centre
of the façade is composed as a triple arcade, behind the central arch of which
there is a minaret with an inscription dated 725/1324-25.This building incorporates
Khawrazmshahi and IlKhanid design elements.
Islamic Principles
Architecture as
pursuit of ilm.(Knowlegde)
Architecture
of Inscriptions that will be written on the walls. This creates calligraphy of
the Arabic language and it shows that is a sacred language- behind the central
arch of which there is a minaret with an inscription dated
725/1324-25-inscription on this portal reveals that the building is a mosque
built by Zayn al-Din Mastari in 704/ 1304-5
.
Architecture of
Ithiram: (Respect)
The
Muqarnas decorative styles in the interior of the building show markings of one
who respects Allah and so forth respects the prince. This symbolizes the Cube
Geometry that linked all shapes to the centre which is the tip of the roof. It
enhances the idea of ‘centre’. This is purely traditional Islamic architecture
and creates a synthesis of space.
Architecture as
Dikr: (Remembrance)
This
building does not have a pillar upon pillar, arcade upon arcade design. The
rhythmic precision mirrored in the contemplative chanting of God’s innumerable
attributes / zikr. The ceiling has repetitive patterns the carvings on the
ceiling shows a repentance pattern.
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